The current study explored the cognitive costs and pathological nature of lying in psychopathic offenders. The next step in the theoretical development of the cognitive view on deception is to map its boundary conditions. Thus, there is considerable support for the notion that the truth typically comes naturally and that lying typically requires additional effort (for reviews see and ). ![]() People also subjectively experience lying to be more difficult than telling the truth (, ). Both the increased prefrontal activity (for a meta-analysis see ) and the delay in responding (for a review see ) have been replicated by several studies. It also took participants considerably longer-about 200ms-to lie than to tell the truth. Lying was associated with greater activity in the bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortices, medial prefrontal and premotor cortices, and left inferior parietal and lateral premotor cortices than truth telling. The first fMRI study on deception scanned 10 intelligent young males while asked to make a speeded decision on simple Yes/No questions regarding activities that they may have performed that day (e.g., Drunk coffee?). In the last two decades, partly related to rise of neuroimaging techniques, there has been a great increase in studies that empirically tested the idea that lying is cognitively more demanding than truth telling. The quotes from Mark Twain and Abraham Lincoln point to the idea that the truth comes naturally, and that lying requires mental effort. “If you tell the truth, you don't have to remember anything.” “No man has a good enough memory to be a successful liar” Alternative interpretation of the findings are discussed. Our new lying frequency index is a first attempt to create a much needed tool to empirically examine compulsive lying, and provides preliminary support for the compulsive nature of lying in grandiose-manipulative offenders. In the face of probable negative consequences, high grandiose-manipulative offenders chose to lie three times as often as low grandiose-manipulative offenders. From an applied perspective, this suggests that psychopathy may not threaten the validity of computerized cognition-based lie detection. Offenders were slower and erred more often when lying than when telling the truth, and there was no robust association between psychopathy and the cognitive cost of lying. By coupling monetary loss to slow and erroneous responding, we hypothesized that the frequency of lying despite likely negative consequences, would provide an index of compulsive lying. Our deception paradigm also included trials with the free choice to lie or tell the truth. We explored the costs of instructed lying versus truth telling through RTs and error rates in 52 violent male offenders, who were assessed with the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI). ![]() Psychopathy, however, has been associated with swift and even compulsive lying, leading us to explore the ease and compulsive nature of lying in psychopathic offenders. The cognitive view on deception holds that lying typically requires additional mental effort as compared to truth telling.
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